Cloud chamber laboratory investigations into scattering properties of hollow ice particles

Measurements are presented of the phase function, P11, and asymmetry parameter, g, of five ice clouds created in a laboratory cloud chamber. At 7 1C, two clouds were created: one comprised entirely of solid columns, and one comprised entirely of hollow columns. Similarly at 15 1C, two clouds were created: one consisting of solid plates and one consisting of hollow plates. At 30 1C, only hollow particles could be created within the constraints of the experiment. The resulting cloud at 30 1C contained short hollow columns and thick hollow plates. During the course of each experiment, the cloud properties were monitored using a Cloud Particle Imager (CPI). In addition to this, ice crystal replicas were created using formvar resin. By examining the replicas under an optical microscope, two different internal structures were identified. The internal and external facets were measured and used to create geometric particle models with realistic internal structures. Theoretical results were calculated using both Ray Tracing (RT) and Ray Tracing with Diffraction on Facets (RTDF). Experimental and theoretical results are compared to assess the impact of internal structure on P11 and g and the applicability of RT and RTDF for hollow columns. & 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).